The Zero Literature Campaign

We know about Clown World’s Zero History campaign. We can see signs of it everywhere from Fructidor to the Khmer Rouge. But it was also accompanied by a Zero Literature campaign. This is not just our imagination at work. You can still see it in action. But the campaign to disappear traditional literature with historical Western values began at least a century before the ALA was cancelling Laura Ingalls Wilder.

A division of the American Library Association has voted to remove Laura Ingalls Wilder’s name from a major children’s book award over concerns with how the early-to-mid 20th century author portrayed blacks and Native Americans.

The Association for Library Service to Children’s board made the unanimous decision Saturday at a meeting in New Orleans. The name has been changed to the Children’s Literature Legacy Award.

The association says the work of Wilder — best known for her Little House on the Prairie novels — “includes expressions of stereotypical attitudes inconsistent with ALSC’s core values.”

The first award was given to Wilder in 1954

I have no doubt that if Laura Ingalls Wilder had published a century before she did in a language other than English, we would never have heard of her. Both Benito Perez Galdos and Zenaide Fleuriot were much more significant in their native languages than Wilder was in English, and yet somehow, the English publishing world never saw fit to translate them despite producing dozens of editions of far less popular, far less marketable, and far less significant works.

This is why it is absolutely vital to stop blindly supporting those things that the mainstream feeds you, and go out of your way to find those things and support those things that are in line with your values, and not the “core values” of things like the ALSC.

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Translation: THE LITTLE DUCHESS

When twelve-year-old Alberte de la Rochefaucon is pulled from her convent boarding school by her fashionable older sister, she tumbles headlong into a world she is entirely unprepared for: the drawing rooms, dinner parties, and dressmakers of Faubourg Saint-Germain society. Her sister Madeleine, the young Marquise de Valroux, means well but lives for pleasure, and her formidable great-aunt the duchess inhabits a crumbling mansion where the clocks seem to have stopped sometime before the Revolution.

Alberte is bright, proud, restless, and bored. She is bored at the convent, bored in society, bored with the professors hired to continue her education. Her companions have nicknamed her “the little duchess” for her haughty ways. But when a journey south to Cannes brings her into the orbit of a dying young soldier and a neglected Anglo-Indian boy, Alberte begins to discover what none of her tutors could teach her: that purpose is not given but chosen, and that the hardest freedom is the freedom to discipline yourself.

First published in Paris by Hachette in 1876, La Petite Duchesse was one of the most beloved novels by Zénaïde Fleuriot, the Breton author whose works shaped a generation of young French readers. Translated from the French by Summer Charrette, this is its first appearance in the English language.

A story of sisterhood, stubbornness, and the slow education of a strong will, The Little Duchess is a lovely story for readers who appreciate the works of Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Charlotte Yonge. The ebook has already been delivered to the subscribers. Now available for Kindle, KU, and audiobook.


I was wondering how such a bestselling author’s works could have vanished into history, untranslated, when La Petite Duchesse alone had 14 editions. Then I read her biography, and like Perez Galdos, Fleuriot was not only a devout Christian, but a Catholic and a Royalist. So I think we’re beginning to see a pattern here with regards to socialist academics on both sides of the linguistic divide having attempted to bury a significant percentage of some of the best and most popular works of the Christian nations.

But, as we know, Jesus Christ never stays buried.

Zénaïde-Marie-Anne Fleuriot (28 October 1829 – 19 December 1890), was a French novelist. She wrote eighty three novels, all aimed at young women. She was born in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany to a devoutly Catholic and Royalist family, faithful to the Bourbons. Her parents had sixteen children of which only five survived. Her father, Jean-Marie, having lost his mother as a child, was brought up by his uncle, a priest, who was shot by the Revolutionaries in Brest in 1794 for refusing to sign the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Her background gave her a deep respect for traditional Christian and family values, which infused her work. This helped to make her work very popular among the Catholic middle class.

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The Cat Commotion

The second volume of The Casebook of Hanshichi takes the Japanese Sherlock Holmes deeper into the shadowed streets and darkened households of old Edo, where nothing is ever quite what it seems. A cat lady’s twenty pets are drowned in the bay and she dies within the week, but only her son knows what really happened. A beautiful young woman born on the Day of the Snake is worshipped as a child of the goddess Benten until the waters of Shinobazu Pond reclaim her. A desperate samurai faces ritual suicide in a Hakone inn while his detective races down the Tōkaidō road to save him. And when a random spear-killer terrorizes the city at night, the investigation falls not to Hanshichi but to the old detective who came before him, a man who solves crimes by touch and instinct rather than observation.

Now available on Kindle, KU, and audiobook.

EXCERPT

Old Hanshichi kept a small calico kitten at his house. One warm day in February, I dropped by unannounced and found him on the south-facing veranda, stroking the soft back of the small creature curled on his lap.

“What a charming cat,” I said.

“Still just a baby.” The old man smiled. “Hasn’t learned how to catch a mouse yet.”

Bright midday sun lit the old roof tiles next door. From somewhere nearby came the clamor of cats squabbling. Hanshichi looked up toward the noise and laughed.

“This one will be doing the same before long, yowling in love, giving you writers material for your opening verses. Cats are really only lovable when they’re small like this. Once they grow large enough to look as though they might transform, they pass right through hateful into something that makes your skin crawl. People have always said that cats can turn into monsters. Do you suppose there’s any truth in it?”

“Well, there are plenty of old stories about monster cats,” I answered vaguely. “But whether they’re true or not, who can say?” This was old Hanshichi, after all. There was no telling what kind of living proof he might have tucked away. To dismiss the matter carelessly and then have it turned against me would have been mortifying.

Yet even the old man seemed not to possess a proven case of feline transformation. He set the calico down from his lap and spoke.

“I suppose you’re right. The stories have come down through the ages, but nobody can claim to have actually witnessed such a thing. Still, I did run into one strange business myself. Not that I saw it with my own eyes, mind you, but it didn’t seem to be a lie. Two people died on account of that cat commotion. When you think about it, it’s a frightening thing.”

“Did a cat devour them?”

“No, not devoured exactly. It’s a most peculiar story. Just listen.”

He shooed away the kitten, which had been clinging stubbornly to his lap, and began quietly to speak.

It happened on the evening of September the twenty-second, when the autumn of Bunkyū 2 was already waning and the ginger fair at Shiba Shinmei Shrine had ended the day before. In a back-alley tenement not far from the shrine grounds, an old woman named Omaki died suddenly. Omaki was sixty-six that year, born in the monkey year of Kansei, and she had a filial son called Shichinosuke. She had lost her husband in her forties and raised five children single-handed, but the eldest daughter had taken a lover at her place of service and run off to parts unknown. The eldest son had drowned while swimming at Shibaura. The second son had been carried off by measles. The third she had driven out herself for his thieving.

“I truly have no luck with children.”

Omaki was forever lamenting, but her youngest, Shichinosuke, had stayed safely at home. As if shouldering the filial duty of all his brothers and sisters combined, the boy had worked since childhood to support his aging mother.

“With such a filial son, Omaki is a lucky woman.”

The woman who had always bemoaned her fortune with children now found herself envied by the neighborhood. Shichinosuke was a fish-seller who hauled his board through the streets each day, making the rounds of his regular customers. A young man of twenty, working without vanity or pretension, burned dark by the sun. His was a peddler’s small trade, but it kept them from real hardship, and the two of them lived together contentedly, just the two of them. Beyond his devotion to his mother, Shichinosuke had a quiet, gentle disposition quite at odds with his rough trade. The neighbors were fond of him.

His mother’s reputation, by contrast, was in steady decline. Omaki had done nothing to earn anyone’s hatred, but she possessed one habit that drew their dislike. She had loved cats since she was young, and the passion had only intensified with age. By now she kept fifteen or sixteen, adults and kittens together. Keeping cats was her prerogative, of course, and strictly speaking no one had grounds for complaint. That so many animals crammed into a tiny house gave visitors a faintly unsettling, disagreeable impression, but that alone did not constitute legitimate cause to confront the owner. The animals, however, would not stay quietly indoors. They crept out and into the neighboring kitchens and raided them. No matter how well Omaki fed them, the thieving did not stop.

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The Lady-in-Waiting

If you are a fan of Sherlock Holmes or detective stories in general, you really don’t want to miss The Casebook of Hanshichi by Okamoto Kido, the first volume of which is now available in an original translation from Castalia House. I regretfully note that a small Japanese press has beaten us to the first complete translation of all 69 stories by about a month, but while I cannot attest to the quality of those, I think you will find that the quality of Castalia’s translations are excellent.

This is an excerpt from the seventh story from The Ghost Master, which is now available on Kindle, KU, and audiobook. Paid subscribers to Castalia Library receive a new translated ebook every week; next week’s book will be the second volume, after which we’ll start alternating with additional releases from the excellent Spanish Episodios Nacionales of Benito Perez Galdos. Both series will eventually be published in print editions; Trafalgar from the latter is already in print and available at both Amazon and NDM Express.


I returned to Tokyo at the height of August, the heat still fierce, after a summer holiday of about a fortnight. Bringing a few small gifts, I called on old Hanshichi and found him just back from the bathhouse, sitting cross-legged on a rush mat on the veranda, fanning himself in great sweeps with a round fan. A cool evening breeze was blowing through the narrow garden, and from the neighbor’s window came the chirping of crickets.

“Of all the insects, the cricket is the most truly Edo,” the old man declared. “I grant you they’re cheap, and they may well be the humblest of singing insects, but somehow they feel more like Edo than the pine cricket or the bell cricket ever could. You can be walking along any street, and when you hear a cricket singing from some window or eave, the summers of old Edo come flooding back. The insect sellers would hate me for saying so, but your pine crickets and grass larks are nothing but expensive. They’re not Edo at all. To use the modern phrase: the most plebeian, and for that very reason the most Edo, is the common cricket, and nothing else.”

The old man held forth at length on the subject, lavishing praise on a creature that nowadays is barely more than a child’s plaything, worth perhaps three sen apiece. If I was going to keep insects at all, he urged, I should keep crickets. From insects we moved on to wind chimes, and from wind chimes to the observation that tonight was the fifteenth of August by the new calendar.

“The calendars don’t match, you see, so August by the new reckoning is still as hot as this,” the old man said. “Under the old calendar, mornings and evenings would have turned properly cool by now.”

He began reminiscing about moon-viewing in the old days. In the course of this, the following story emerged, adding one more entry to my notebook.

It was the evening of August the fourteenth, in the second year of Bunkyū. Hanshichi had come home earlier than usual and was thinking of finishing his supper and stopping by a neighborhood mujin gathering, when a woman of about forty appeared at his door. She wore her hair in a small round chignon, and her face was heavy with care.

“I do apologize for the long silence, sir. I trust you’ve been keeping well.”

“Why, Okame. It’s been quite a while. Young Ochō must be turning into a fine girl by now. She’s a good, steady worker from what I hear, so her mother can rest easy.”

“It’s Ochō I’ve come about, actually, sir. I’m at my wits’ end, and I hardly know what to do.”

Looking at the lines on the woman’s forehead, Hanshichi had a fairly good idea what this was about. Okame ran a tea shop near Eitai Bridge with her daughter Ochō, who was seventeen this year. The girl was refined and beautiful, and if her one fault was a tendency to be too quiet, she had more than enough charm to draw the young men in. Okame was proud of having borne such a beautiful daughter. If she had come here troubled about the girl, even a man less shrewd than Hanshichi could guess the nature of it: dutiful Ochō had found someone who mattered to her more than her own mother. Given the trade they were in, making a fuss about it would only be boorish.

“So that’s it, is it. Young Ochō’s got herself into something and now she’s giving her mother grief. Well, I’d say you’d do better to let it pass. She’s young. If there isn’t a little fun in her life, she won’t have much heart for the work, will she? You must remember what that was like yourself. Best not to make too much of it.” Hanshichi was laughing as he spoke.

Okame did not so much as smile. She fixed him with a steady gaze.

“No, sir. It’s nothing of that sort at all. If she’d taken up with some man, some frivolous little affair, I’d do exactly as you say and let it pass. But this is something else entirely. The girl shakes, and she weeps…”

“That is odd. What exactly has happened?”

“My daughter sometimes disappears.”

Hanshichi went on laughing. A young tea-shop girl who vanished from time to time: his expression said this was scarcely worth troubling over. Seeing it, Okame pressed forward with greater urgency.

“No, it’s nothing to do with men or anything of that sort. Please hear me out, sir. It was just before the river-opening in May. A fine-looking samurai, with one attendant, happened to pass in front of my shop and caught sight of my daughter inside. He came wandering in, drank his tea, rested a while, and left a full isshū for the tea. A very generous customer indeed. About three days later, the same samurai came again, but this time he had a woman with him, thirty-five or thirty-six, very refined, with the bearing of someone in service at a great house. They didn’t seem to be husband and wife. The woman asked Ochō’s name, asked her age, and again left an isshū for the tea. Then, about three days after that, Ochō was gone.”

“I see,” said Hanshichi, nodding.

They were a type of kidnapping ring, he judged, people who disguised themselves as persons of rank to carry off a good-looking girl.

“And the girl never came back?”

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THE GHOST MASTER

Castalia House has spent the last several months quietly doing something no English publisher has bothered to do in a century: translating the great works of Japanese popular literature that built the entire modern adventure and detective fiction tradition in that country. Now they’re announcing their next project, and it is worth your attention.

The new series is the Hanshichi Casebook, written by Okamoto Kidō beginning in 1917. Hanshichi is Japan’s answer to Sherlock Holmes — a street detective working in historical Edo, solving murders, hauntings, and conspiracies in the shadow world beneath the Tokugawa shogunate. The stories ran for decades and spawned stage productions, radio adaptations, films, and television series. In Japan, Okamoto is to detective fiction what Conan Doyle is to English readers. In English, almost nobody has heard of him.

One previous academic translation covered 14 of the 69 stories. The other 55 have never been translated. Castalia House is publishing all of them across seven volumes. Volume 1, The Ghost Master, goes to paid subscribers this week and will be available on Kindle and Kindle Unlimited next week.

The first volume of the translated Casebook, The Ghost Master, has already gone out to the subscribers and is now available on Amazon via Kindle, KU, and audiobook. An excerpt from the first story is now available at the Library site if you’d like to get a taste of the flavor of Japan’s greatest detective. I’ve already translated the first twenty stories, and I have to say that they are up there with the best detective fiction I’ve ever read.

It’s really a must-read if you’re a Sherlock Holmes fan, because while the stories are every bit as detailed and interesting, the atmosphere, the plots, the crimes, and most definitely the punishments are entirely different. When the guilty party isn’t just turned over to the inept policemen of Scotland Yard, but is instead paraded through the streets prior to being crucified, the solution of the case tends to hit just a little bit differently.

The Casebook of Hanshichi Vol. I: The Ghost Master consists of the following:

Preface by Okamoto Kidō

1. The Spirit of Ofumi

2. The Stone Lantern

3. The Death of Kanpei

4. Upstairs at the Bathhouse

5. The Ghost Master

6. The Mystery of the Fire Bell

7. The Lady-in-Waiting

8. The Sash-Snatching Pond

9. Spring Thaw

10. Hiroshige and the Otter

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An Intriguing Discovery

It was around April of 1916, as I recall, that I first conceived the idea of writing the Hanshichi Casebook. I had been reading Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories here and there for some time but had never read them straight through from beginning to end. One day, having occasion to visit the Maruzen bookshop, I bought three volumes — the Adventuresthe Memoirs, and the Return — and read all three at a single sitting. A keen interest in detective fiction welled up in me at once, and I found myself seized by the desire to try my hand at the form. I had read Hume and others before, of course, but it was Doyle who truly struck the spark.

I was not yet free to begin, however. I went on hunting down more of Doyle’s writings and set about reading The Last GalleyThe Green FlagThe Captain of the Polestar, the Round the Fire Stories, and various other collections of his short fiction, one after another. But I had my own work to attend to: I was preparing a serial novel for the Jiji Shinpō at the time, and my reading did not progress as quickly as I would have liked. From when I had started it took roughly a month, and it was late May before I finished the lot.

When at last I sat down to write, what struck me was this: no one had ever written detective fiction set in the Edo period. The tales of Ōoka and Itakura were fundamentally adjudication records, concerned with trials and judgments rather than with investigation, and it seemed to me that a story built around detection itself would make for something fresh. There was a further consideration. Writing detective fiction set in the present day carried the constant risk of lapsing into imitation of Western models, whereas committing to a purely Edo-period mode might yield something with a flavor all its own. I was fortunate in possessing a reasonable working knowledge of Edo customs, manners, and statutes, as well as the world of the city magistrates, their constables and inspectors, and the network of private thief-takers.

Read the rest at Castalia Library…

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The Gold Demon

This week’s Castalia translation is The Gold Demon by Koyo Ozaki.

A Japanese classic of love, ruthlessness, and betrayal

Kan’ichi Hazama and Miya Shigisawa have loved each other since childhood. Raised under the same roof, pledged to marry, they share a bond so deep that Kan’ichi has staked his entire future on it. Then a wealthy man with a diamond on his finger enters their world, and Miya’s parents, dazzled by the prospect of a brilliant match, break the engagement. On a winter night at the beach in Atami, Kan’ichi confronts the woman he loves and demands she choose. And she cannot answer him.

Kan’ichi, shattered by betrayal, abandons his studies and remakes himself into a ruthless man determined to worship the only god that never disappoints: money. Miya, married into luxury, discovers that wealth without love is its own kind of prison. As the years pass, guilt, longing, and the memory of what was lost draw them toward each other again, but the damage may be beyond repair. The Gold Demon is about what happens to the human soul when love is tested by fortune and found wanting.

Ozaki Kōyō (1868–1903) was the most celebrated Japanese novelist of his generation. A prodigy who founded the influential Ken’yūsha literary society while still a student, he became the star writer of the Yomiuri Shimbun and the mentor to an entire generation of younger writers, among them Izumi Kyōka. He began serializing The Gold Demon on New Year’s Day, 1897, and the novel became a national sensation, but he died at the age of thirty-five, leaving the story unfinished. It is the most celebrated unfinished work in Japanese literature. The novel has been adapted into seventeen films and has never been out of print in Japan.

This translation by Kenji Weaver is the first complete English translation of The Gold Demon.

To read an excerpt from this 129-year old work, now appearing for the first time in English, visit Castalia Library. You can also support our weekly translation efforts by subscribing to the Castalia Library substack.

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A Pipeline to the Stars

In which a member of our community has built a system to unlock a whole host of old Hebrew and Latin texts:

This started as an offhand question.

I was chatting with Claude about some obscure Hebrew books related to my interest in the history of astronomy and cosmology. One of them contained a firsthand account of encounters with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler.

I started by asking what Claude knew about the book from reviews, catalogs, and other online references. The information was sparse. Then I thought: why not go to the source?

Knowing that Vox Day had used AI extensively for translation work, I asked Claude what it could do with a scanned PDF.

The answer seemed almost too good to be true.

So I tested it.

“Here’s a 250-page PDF. Translate it.”

That didn’t happen.

Claude explained that the PDF would need to be broken into smaller batches. I would have to upload each section separately, start a new chat for each batch, run a translation prompt, and then manually stitch everything together afterward. It even suggested shell commands to help.

That also didn’t happen.

Instead, over the next five days, I used Claude Web and Claude Code to build the functional scaffolding that eventually became my translation pipeline. As an experiment, I kept it completely code-free at first. I wanted to see how far I could get simply by describing what I wanted.

The answer turned out to be: surprisingly far.

Read the rest about how the translation pipeline was constructed and find the link to the growing compendium of ancient and medieval texts at AI Central.

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Napoleon at Chamartín

The fifth volume of the Episodios Nacionales — the great historical novel cycle of Spain

Napoleon at Chamartín by Benito Pérez Galdós is this week’s new translation. It returns the protagonist Gabriel to Madrid in the closing weeks of 1808, as the imperial Grande Armée, recovered from its humiliation at Bailén, marches on the capital with the Emperor himself at its head.

Gabriel’s Inés has vanished into another world. Discovered to be the lost heiress of one of the greatest houses in Spain, she has been carried off to a palace on the Cuesta de la Vega and groomed for a marriage of fortune to the young Count of Rumblar — the dissolute, easily led Don Diego, who divides his nights between gaming dens, comic masonic lodges, and the salons of the manolería, where the celebrated greengrocer beauty known as the Zaina holds court. Barred from the palace and reduced to flinging pebbles at a lighted window, Gabriel shadows his rival through this doomed demimonde — while behind the marriage scheme moves the afrancesado Santorcaz, who has his own secret plans for Inés.

Around this private drama, Madrid braces for the French. The city throws up earthworks and musters a citizen militia, and Galdós fills these chapters with the comic Gran Capitán playing at general, the swaggering bully Mañara, and the whole brawling life of the lower town. Then comes the unthinkable betrayal that Galdós renders into one of the great crowd scenes of European fiction, and the mob, sold out and maddened, falls upon Mañara.

Madrid falls. Napoleon installs himself at Chamartín, just north of the city, and from his headquarters dictates the decrees that will remake Spain entirely to his design. Amid the wreckage Gabriel is captured and swept out of the conquered capital in a chained column of deported “patriots,” driven past the Emperor’s own coach on the road by Chamartín, and sent toward a city about to endure the most terrible siege of the entire war.

Napoleon at Chamartín is at once a panoramic chronicle of a nation’s capital under siege, a savage comedy of Madrid society, and a love story pursued through a falling city, narrated with the older Gabriel’s characteristic blend of self-deprecating wit and moral seriousness.

Available for Kindle, KU, and audiobook on Amazon. The ebooks have already been sent out to the paid subscribers. An excerpt is available at Castalia Library.

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BAILÉN by Benito Pérez Galdós

The fourth volume of the Episodios Nacionales — the great historical novel cycle of Spain

July 1808. Napoleon’s armies are invincible. They have crushed Austria, humiliated Prussia, and forced the Tsar to the negotiating table. Now twenty thousand French soldiers occupy Andalucía, and all Europe waits for Spain to submit as every other nation has submitted.

Gabriel Araceli, a young Spanish soldier who survived the slaughter of the Dos de Mayo and the French firing squads in Madrid, rides south with the ragged army assembling to challenge the Empire. Around him march raw recruits, militia volunteers, and hard-bitten regulars — fourteen thousand men with short rations, blistering heat, and the knowledge that no army on the continent has yet beaten Napoleon in open battle.

But Gabriel is fighting two wars. On the parched plains before Bailén, he faces Dupont’s veteran infantry and the terrible French marines. In the intercepted letters he carries in his coat, he faces something worse: the news that Inés, the woman he loves, is to be made legitimate and married to another man — his own commanding officer’s son. While the armies clash under a pitiless Andalusian sun, while men kill each other for a mouthful of water and the guns fall silent for want of powder, Gabriel must reckon with the possibility that victory on the battlefield will mean defeat in everything that matters to him.

Bailén is the fourth novel in Benito Pérez Galdós’s Episodios Nacionales, the great historical cycle that follows Gabriel Araceli from Trafalgar through the upheaval of the Napoleonic Wars. In this volume, Galdós delivers one of the finest battle narratives in nineteenth-century fiction — the engagement that shattered the myth of Napoleonic invincibility and changed the course of European history.

Now available for Kindle, KU, and audiobook on Amazon. The ebooks have already been sent out to the paid subscribers. To receive a new translation every week and support the translation efforts, become a paid subscriber to the Castalia Library substack which has already produced and released more than a dozen original translations from Spanish and Japanese, most of which had never before been available in English.

About the author. Benito Pérez Galdós (1843–1920) is widely regarded as the greatest Spanish novelist since Cervantes. Over four decades, he produced the Episodios Nacionales, one of the most incredible accomplishments of world literature ever written; only 8 of its 46 volumes have ever been translated into English. Pérez Galdós was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times but never won.


EXCERPT

On the following day we made a movement along the left bank, upstream, as far as a point well above Mengíbar. We understood nothing of it; but Santorcaz, whether from vanity or because he had truly penetrated Reding’s intention, told us:

“Our general knows what he is about, and is a man who understands the philosophy of marches.”

Halting on the banks of the Guadalimas, part of the army occupied itself with incomprehensible movements, and having spent more than a day at this, we found ourselves once more before Mengíbar at nightfall on the 18th, a point which the division of the Marqués de Coupigny had reached some hours earlier. The two armies being reunited, there was no halt beyond what was strictly necessary to collect the provisions of which we stood in such want, and well into the night we took the road for Bailén. We were fourteen thousand men. Everything announced that we were about to have a formal encounter with the French army.

According to our intelligence, Dupont remained at Andújar, reinforced by Vedel’s division. Had they engaged our third corps and the reserve which, having crossed the river at Marmolejo, were situated on the right bank? We believed so, unless Castaños were waiting to attack in earnest until the first and second divisions should fall upon the rear of Dupont’s army, descending from Bailén. Was this the object that guided us on our march? So it seemed.

While the moment of the drama drew near, far from us and upon the flanks of the imperial army, a thousand dramatic convulsions were hastening the catastrophe, tormenting the enemy by degrees. The bodies and columns of guerrilleros, commanded by Don Juan de la Cruz, the Conde de Valdecañas, and the cleric Argote, had scattered like a deadly swarm through the towns and hamlets commanding the French headquarters in the first foothills of the sierra north of Andújar. So furiously did those ardent countrymen pursue the French, and with such rapidity did they disperse to avoid attack, that the invaders found it utterly impossible to be tranquil for a single moment. The powerful giant swatted those venomous horseflies with a blow of his hand; but they returned to buzz about him, tormented him with their terrible stings, and escaped unharmed, fearing neither sword nor cannon, for these weapons were not made for mosquitoes.

The French could not stir from their headquarters save in large detachments: frequently a thousand men were sent to fill a few water-jugs at the nearest spring. If by chance small parties ventured out to forage, they were dispatched by the guerrilleros in less time than it takes to say a creed. Rather than suffer the French to seize a granary, the people burned it: the springs were fouled with mud and dung so they could not drink: the mills were dismantled and their stones buried so that not a single grain could be ground. Woe to any Frenchman who fell behind on the march! He felt himself seized by a thousand furious hands, dragged off by the women, pinched by the children, and knifed by the men, until his existence was extinguished with a terrible shock in the cold depths of a well. The invader found no shelter anywhere, and forcibly confined within the limits of his headquarters, he saw men and nature conspired alike against him.

For this reason, raging and desperate, he longed to fight a pitched battle, confident in his skill and habit of war; and lamenting the stupefaction of the commander-in-chief, he cried: “Let us fight a battle, and though half the army perish, the other half will conquer a puddle to drink from and a handful of dry wheat to put in our mouths.”

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