V. The Stolen Universities
The full measure of the Enlightenment’s fraud becomes clear only when one recognizes what the tradition had actually built.
The universities, those great medieval institutions the Enlightenment captured and claimed as engines of secular reason, were uniformly creations of the Church. Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge wer founded under Church auspices, governed by Church authority, staffed by clerics, dedicated to the pursuit of truth understood as ultimately unified in God. The very idea of a university, a community of scholars devoted to preserving, transmitting, and extending knowledge, was a medieval Christian innovation. The Enlightenment did not create these institutions; it invaded them, subverted them, and eventually seized them.
The scientific method itself emerged from Scholastic soil. The insistence on systematic observation, the commitment to logical rigor, the belief that nature is intelligible because it is the product of a rational Creator—these were not Enlightenment innovations but medieval inheritances. Roger Bacon, Robert Grosseteste, Albertus Magnus, Jean Buridan, Nicholas Oresme: the list of medieval contributors to what would become natural science is long and distinguished. The Enlightenment’s claim to have invented scientific inquiry is not merely exaggerated; it is a lie.
The logical tools that make rigorous argument possible were Scholastic achievements. The Enlightenment produced no logic comparable to the medieval summulae, no analysis of inference and fallacy as sophisticated as that developed in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Leibniz, the one Enlightenment thinker who made genuine contributions to logic, was saturated in Scholastic learning and knew what he owed to it. The rest simply used the tools they had inherited, often badly, while denigrating the tradition that had forged them.
The hospitals, the charitable institutions, the schools for the poor, the entire infrastructure of social welfare that the Enlightenment would later claim as the fruit of secular humanitarianism, these too were Church creations. The Enlightenment did not build anything, first it appropriated from those who came before, and then it erased the memory of the appropriation.
What occurred was not a legitimate transfer of responsibility but a theft. The thief dressed in the victim’s clothes and claimed to have tailored them himself. And the victim, bewildered by the audacity of the crime, failed to cry out or even complain.